Bree:

At the crossing of the North Road and the East Road, Bree is one of four villages where the Big Folk and the Little Folk live in harmony. All of the villages are in the Bree-land: Archet, Combe, Bree and Staddle. The Bree-land was the nearest location settled by Men to the Shire. The Bree-land was settled by Men first before the founding of Arnor. Hobbits entered later, around 1300 of the Third Age.

Bag-End:

The home of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins during the Third Age of the Sun, Bag-End was located in Hobbiton. It was excavated by Bungo Baggins as a home for himself and his wife, Belladonna Took. Bag-End has been described as "the most luxurious hobbit-hole...either under The Hill or over The Hill or across The Water"(H.14-15). After the War of the Ring, Sam and his family lived there as well. Frodo gave Bag-End to Sam when he went into the West. When Frodo left the Shire, he sold it, along with most of its furnishings to Lobelia Sackville-Baggins. For some months after the War of the Ring, Saruman made his home in Bag-End.

Bag-End was believed by much of the Shire to be the location of hidden gold after the return of Bilbo Baggins. Certainly it was home to one of the richest hobbits in the Shire.

The Barrow-Downs:

The Barrow-Downs were green downs within which there were barrows predating the arrival of the Dúnedain. In the year 1409, the remaining Dúnedain of Cardolan took refuge in the Barrow-downs during the wars with Angmar. Around 1636 of the Third Age, the Barrow-Downs were inhabited by the Barrow-Wights. After this the Barrow-Downs became a place of great terror. In Sindarin the Barrow-Downs were called Tyrn Gorthad.

Barad-Dûr:

The tower and dungeons of Sauron in Mordor. Baradur was rebuilt with the power of the One Ring after the year 1000 of the Second Age. When Sauron was vanquished by the Last Alliance, Barad-Dûr was destroyed, though the foundations remained as the One Ring was intact. It was rebuilt by Sauron and finally destroyed in the year 3019 with the destruction of the One Ring. It was said by Gandalf that "those who pass the gates of Barad-Dûr do not return". (LOTR.313)

The Brandywine River:

Called the Baranduin in Sindarin, at one time the Brandywine River was the eastern border of the Shire. By the time of the War of the Ring, it was the border between the Eastfarthing and Buckland.

Beleriand:

The northwestern portion of Middle-Earth throughout the Ages of the Stars and the First Age of the Sun, Beleriand was made up of several regions including Hithlum, Doriath, and Nevrast. In the north of Beleriand, was Uttumno and Thangorodrim where lived Morgoth. The focus of The Silmarillion, most probably written by Bilbo Baggins, was in Beleriand, as were most of the battles and wars making up the struggle to regain the Silmarils. Beleriand was destroyed and sank beneath the waves at the end of the First Age of the Sun, during the struggle between the Valar and Morgoth. The only parts of Beleriand to survive, apart from some islands made up of mountaintops were Lindon and some parts of the Blue Mountains, the Ered Luin.

Brandy Hall:

Located in Buckland, Brandy Hall was the chief residence of the Brandybuck family. Excavation of the smial was begun in about the year 2340 by Gorenhad Oldbuck. By the time of the War of the Ring, Brandy Hall had grown to fill the entirety of Buck Hill. Frodo noted in the Red Book that it had "three large front doors, many side doors, and about a hundred windows" (LOTR.112).

Buckland:

Buckland is the eastern-most region of the Shire, located between the far side of the Brandywine River and the Old Forest. This is the home of the Brandybuck Family, the head of the family taking the title of Master of Buckland and acting as the regional leader.

Settled in the year 2340 of the Third Age, or the year 740 according to the Shire Reckoning, by Gorenhad Oldbuck, Buckland was outside the official borders of the Shire until the King Elessar made it an official part of the Shire in the year 42 of the Fourth Age.

The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings
The Silmarillion
The Complete Guide to Middle-Earth by Robert Foster
The Unfinished Tales